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Poverty reduction is a term that describes the promotion of various measures, both economic and humanitarian, that will permanently lift people out of poverty. ==Introduction== Poverty reduction measures, like those promoted by Henry George in his economics classic Progress and Poverty, are those that raise, or are intended to raise, enabling the poor to create wealth for themselves as a means of ending poverty forever. In modern times, various economists within the georgism movement propose measures like the land value tax to enhance access by all to the natural world. Poverty occurs in both developing countries and developed countries. While poverty is much more widespread in developing countries, both types of countries undertake poverty reduction measures. Poverty has historically been accepted in some parts of the world as inevitable as non-industrialized economies produced very little while populations grew almost as fast, making wealth scarce.〔"Under traditional (i.e., non-industrialized) modes of economic production, widespread poverty had been accepted as inevitable. The total output of goods and services, even if equally distributed, would still have been insufficient to give the entire population a comfortable standard of living by prevailing standards. With the economic productivity that resulted from industrialization, however, this ceased to be the case" Encyclopedia Britannica, "Poverty"〕 Geoffrey Parker wrote that "In Antwerp and Lyon, two of the largest cities in western Europe, by 1600 three-quarters of the total population were too poor to pay taxes, and therefore likely to need relief in times of crisis."〔Geoffrey Parker (2001). "''(Europe in crisis, 1598–1648 )''". Wiley–Blackwell. p.11. ISBN 0-631-22028-3〕 Poverty reduction, or poverty alleviation, has been largely as a result of overall economic growth.〔(Ending Mass Poverty ) by Ian Vásquez〕〔Krugman, Paul, and Robin Wells. Macroeconomics. 2. New York City: Worth Publishers, 2009. Print.〕 Food shortages were common before modern agricultural technology and in places that lack them today, such as nitrogen fertilizers, pesticides and irrigation methods.〔http://www.theatlantic.com/issues/97jan/borlaug/borlaug.htm Forgotten benefactor of humanity〕〔(BBC Ethical Man )〕 The dawn of industrial revolution led to high economic growth, eliminating mass poverty in what is now considered the developed world.〔 World GDP per person quintupled during the 20th century.〔Angus Maddison, see graph〕 In 1820, 75% of humanity lived on less than a dollar a day, while in 2001, only about 20% do.〔 Today, continued economic development is constrained by the lack of economic freedoms. Economic liberalization requires extending property rights to the poor, especially to land.〔(Land rights help fight poverty )〕 Financial services, notably savings, can be made accessible to the poor through technology, such as mobile banking.〔http://www.time.com/time/business/article/0,8599,1918733,00.html Microfinance’s next step: deposits〕〔http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/8194241.stm Africa’s mobile banking revolution〕 Inefficient institutions, corruption and political instability can also discourage investment. Aid and government support in health, education and infrastructure helps growth by increasing human and physical capital.〔 Poverty alleviation also involves improving the living conditions of people who are already poor. Aid, particularly in medical and scientific areas, is essential in providing better lives, such as the Green Revolution and the eradication of smallpox.〔〔(Why aid does work )〕 Problems with today's development aid include the high proportion of tied aid, which mandates receiving nations to buy products, often more expensive, originating only from donor countries.〔 Nevertheless, some believe (Peter Singer in his book ''The Life You Can Save'') that small changes in the way each of us in affluent nations lives our lives could solve world poverty. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Poverty reduction」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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